[svn-r2208] Big.html --> BigDataSmMach.html
Coding.html --> NamingScheme.html CodeReview.html ExternalFiles.html compat.html --> H4-H5Compat.html heap.txt --> HeapMgmt.html IOPipe.html Lib_Maint.html --> LibMaint.html MemoryManagement.html move.html --> MoveDStruct.html ObjectHeader.txt storage.html --> RawDStorage.html symtab --> SymbolTables.html Version.html Above files moved from doc/html/ to doc/html/TechNotes/ for into new "HDF5 Technical Notes" document. Filenames changed as indicated.
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Frank Baker
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<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//IETF//DTD HTML//EN">
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<html>
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<head>
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<title>Big Datasets on Small Machines</title>
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</head>
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<body>
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<h1>Big Datasets on Small Machines</h1>
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<h2>1. Introduction</h2>
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<p>The HDF5 library is able to handle files larger than the
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maximum file size, and datasets larger than the maximum memory
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size. For instance, a machine where <code>sizeof(off_t)</code>
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and <code>sizeof(size_t)</code> are both four bytes can handle
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datasets and files as large as 18x10^18 bytes. However, most
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Unix systems limit the number of concurrently open files, so a
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practical file size limit is closer to 512GB or 1TB.
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<p>Two "tricks" must be imployed on these small systems in order
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to store large datasets. The first trick circumvents the
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<code>off_t</code> file size limit and the second circumvents
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the <code>size_t</code> main memory limit.
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<h2>2. File Size Limits</h2>
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<p>Systems that have 64-bit file addresses will be able to access
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those files automatically. One should see the following output
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from configure:
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<p><code><pre>
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checking size of off_t... 8
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</pre></code>
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<p>Also, some 32-bit operating systems have special file systems
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that can support large (>2GB) files and HDF5 will detect
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these and use them automatically. If this is the case, the
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output from configure will show:
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<p><code><pre>
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checking for lseek64... yes
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checking for fseek64... yes
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</pre></code>
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<p>Otherwise one must use an HDF5 file family. Such a family is
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created by setting file family properties in a file access
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property list and then supplying a file name that includes a
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<code>printf</code>-style integer format. For instance:
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<p><code><pre>
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hid_t plist, file;
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plist = H5Pcreate (H5P_FILE_ACCESS);
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H5Pset_family (plist, 1<<30, H5P_DEFAULT);
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file = H5Fcreate ("big%03d.h5", H5F_ACC_TRUNC, H5P_DEFAULT, plist);
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</code></pre>
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<p>The second argument (<code>1<<30</code>) to
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<code>H5Pset_family()</code> indicates that the family members
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are to be 2^30 bytes (1GB) each although we could have used any
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reasonably large value. In general, family members cannot be
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2GB because writes to byte number 2,147,483,647 will fail, so
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the largest safe value for a family member is 2,147,483,647.
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HDF5 will create family members on demand as the HDF5 address
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space increases, but since most Unix systems limit the number of
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concurrently open files the effective maximum size of the HDF5
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address space will be limited (the system on which this was
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developed allows 1024 open files, so if each family member is
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approx 2GB then the largest HDF5 file is approx 2TB).
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<p>If the effective HDF5 address space is limited then one may be
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able to store datasets as external datasets each spanning
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multiple files of any length since HDF5 opens external dataset
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files one at a time. To arrange storage for a 5TB dataset split
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among 1GB files one could say:
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<p><code><pre>
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hid_t plist = H5Pcreate (H5P_DATASET_CREATE);
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for (i=0; i<5*1024; i++) {
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sprintf (name, "velocity-%04d.raw", i);
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H5Pset_external (plist, name, 0, (size_t)1<<30);
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}
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</code></pre>
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<h2>3. Dataset Size Limits</h2>
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<p>The second limit which must be overcome is that of
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<code>sizeof(size_t)</code>. HDF5 defines a data type called
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<code>hsize_t</code> which is used for sizes of datasets and is,
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by default, defined as <code>unsigned long long</code>.
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<p>To create a dataset with 8*2^30 4-byte integers for a total of
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32GB one first creates the dataspace. We give two examples
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here: a 4-dimensional dataset whose dimension sizes are smaller
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than the maximum value of a <code>size_t</code>, and a
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1-dimensional dataset whose dimension size is too large to fit
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in a <code>size_t</code>.
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<p><code><pre>
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hsize_t size1[4] = {8, 1024, 1024, 1024};
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hid_t space1 = H5Screate_simple (4, size1, size1);
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hsize_t size2[1] = {8589934592LL};
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hid_t space2 = H5Screate_simple (1, size2, size2};
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</pre></code>
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<p>However, the <code>LL</code> suffix is not portable, so it may
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be better to replace the number with
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<code>(hsize_t)8*1024*1024*1024</code>.
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<p>For compilers that don't support <code>long long</code> large
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datasets will not be possible. The library performs too much
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arithmetic on <code>hsize_t</code> types to make the use of a
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struct feasible.
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<hr>
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<address><a href="mailto:matzke@llnl.gov">Robb Matzke</a></address>
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<!-- Created: Fri Apr 10 13:26:04 EDT 1998 -->
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<!-- hhmts start -->
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Last modified: Sun Jul 19 11:37:25 EDT 1998
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<!-- hhmts end -->
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</body>
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</html>
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